unit10 虚拟语气
一、考点聚焦
1、虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中
（1）表示与现在事实相反的假设，条件状语从句中的谓语动词用“过去式（be动词的过去式用were）”，而主句中的谓语动词用“would / should/ could / might + 动词原形”。如：
if i were a boy, i would join the army.
if the had time, she should go with you.
（2）表示与过去的事实相反，条件状语从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时，主句中的谓语动词则用“would / should / might / could + have +过去分词”。如：
if he had taken my advice, he would have succeeded in the competition.
（3）表示与将来事实相反，条件状语从句中的谓语动词一般过去时或should(were to) + 动词原形，而主句中的谓语动词则用would / should/
could might + 动词原形。如；
if it were to rain tomorrow, the football match would be put off.
（4）当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作相应调整。如：
if they had worked hard, they would be very tired.(从句说的是过去，主句指的是现在)

以下表格是虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中时，主句和从句谓语动词的形式：
条件状语从句 主 句
与过去事实相反 had + 过去分词 should /would/could/might + have + 过去分词
与现在事实相反 一般过去时(be用were) would/should/could/might + 动词原形
与将来事实相反 一般过去时或should(were to) + 动词原形 would/should/cold/might + 动词原形
有时侯在使用时可省略if,句子则可换成下列形式，即“were / had / should +主语”。如：
were i a boy, i would join the army.
had he taken my advice, he would have succeeded.
were it not for the expense, i would go to britain.
2、虚拟语气用于名词性从句
（1）虚拟语气在宾语从句中的运用。
①“wish + 宾语从句”表示不能实现的愿望，译为“要是……就好了”等。表示现在不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时；表示将来不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用“would/could + 动词原形”；表示过去不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用“had + 过去分词”或“could(should) + have + 过去分词”。如：
i wish it were spring all the year round.
i wish i had known the answer.
i wish i could fly like a bird.
②在表示建议、要求、命令等的动词suggest、advise、propose、demand、require、insist request、command、order等后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用should + 动词原形或是动词原形。如：
she suggested we (should)leave here at once.
the doctor ordered she should be operated.
（2）虚拟语气在同位语从句和表语从句中的运用。
作表示建议、要求、命令等的名词advise、idea、order、demand、plan、proposal、suggestion、request等的表语从句和同位语从句，从句中的谓语动词用“（should） + 动词原形”。如：
his suggestion that we (should)go to shanghai is wonderful.
my idea is that they (should)pay 100 dollars.
（3）虚拟语气在主语从句中的运用。
在主语从句中，谓语动词的虚拟语气用“should + 动词原形”的结构，表示惊奇、不相信、理应如此等。如：
it is necessary(important, natural, strange, etc.)that we should clean the room every day.
it was a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.)that you should be so careless.
it will be desired(suggested, decided, ordered, requested, proposed, etc.)that she should finish her homework this afternoon.
注意：这种从句表示的是事实。如果说人对这种事实表现出惊奇的情感，就可用虚拟语气。反之，如果不表示惊奇等情感，that从句也可用陈述句语气。如：
it is pity that you can’t swim.
3、虚拟语气在其他场合的运用
（1）虚拟语气在as if/as though、even if/even though等引导的表语从句或状语从句中，如果从句表示的动作发生在过去，用过去完成时；指现在状况，则用一般过去时；指将来状况则用过去将来时。如：
he did it as if he were an expert.
even if she were here, she could not solve the problem.
（2）虚拟语气用于定语从句中。
这种从句常用于句型“it is (high)time (that) … ”中，定语从句的谓语动词用一般过去时(be用were)或should + 动词原形，意思是“(现在)该……”。如：
it’s time that i picked up my daughter.
it’s high time we were going.
（3）虚拟语气用在if only引导的感叹句中。如：
if only i were a bird.
if only i had taken his advice.
（4）虚拟语气在一些简单句中的运用。
①情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人谦虚、客气、有礼貌或语气委婉，常出现在日常会话中。如：
it would be better for you not to stay up too late.
would you be kind enough to close the door?
②用于一些习惯表达法中。如：
would you like a cup of tea?
i would rather not tell you.
二、精典名题导解
选择填空
1. when a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _______. (nmet 95)
a.breaks b.has broken c.were broken d.had been broken
解析：答案为c。本题考查的是as if 引导的让步状语从句中的语气问题，as if引导的状语从句如果与事实一致，不用虚拟语气，如果与事实相反，应用虚拟语气。题中“当铅笔的一部分浸在水中，铅笔看上去好像断了”。而实际上铅笔并未断，与事实相反，前半部分陈述是一般现在时，因而本句是对一般现在时的虚拟，用were broken。
2. i didn’t see your sister at the meeting. if she ___________, she would have met my brother.(nmet 94)
a.has come b.did come c.came d.had come
解析：答案为d。本题考查的是if条件句中的虚拟语气。题意是：我在会议上没看到你姐姐，故你姐姐没来。因此如果“她来了”与事实相反，前面一句交代了虚拟语气的时态是一般过去时的虚拟，所以if从句中用had+过去分词。
3. —if he ___________, he ________that food.
—luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.(nmet 93)
a.was warned; would not take
b.had been warned; would not have taken
c.would be warned; had not taken
d.would have been warned; had not taken
解析：答案为b。本题考查的是条件状语从句与主句表示与事实相反时虚拟语气的用法。根据下一句语境可知，他事先并没有得到警告，表示过去时间的虚拟语气，故选b。

三、专项训练
1. it\'s a pity i didn\'t attend the lecture,but how i wish i______.
a.did 　b.will 　c.would 　d.had
2. they______to get back earlier,but they missed the train.
a.had hoped 　b.have hoped 　c.hoped 　d.would hope
3. the teacher demanded that the exam______before eleven.
a.must finish 　b.would be finished 　c.be finished 　d.must be finished
4. he is talking so much about america as if he______there.
a.has been 　b.was 　c.been 　d.had been
5. mother suggested that i______my homework first before watching tv.
a.did 　b.do 　c.shall do 　d.have done
6. his suggestion was that we______there by plane.
a.go 　b.to go 　c.should be going 　d.be going
7. the commander ordered that the wounded______to hospital right away.
a.to be sent 　b.send 　c.be sent 　d.sould send
8. if she had worked harder,she______.
a.would succeed 　b.had succeeded
c.should succeed 　d.would have succeeded
9. without electricity,human life______quite different today.
a.is 　b.would be 　c.will be 　d.would have been
10. -did mr.green scold her for her mistakes?
-yes,but he______that.
a.shouldn\'t have done that 　b.should do
c.shouldn\'t do 　d.should have done
11. -do you have a theatre ticket for tonight?
-no,but i wish i______.
a.do 　b.will 　c.have 　d.did
12. he______the test,but he wasn\'t careful enough.
a.could have passed 　b.were able to pass
c.must have passed 　d.might be able to pass
13. without your help,we______so much.
a.will not achieve 　b.didn\'t achieve
c.would not have achieved 　d.don\'t achieve
14. -was the housemaster strict?
-yes,he requested that we______television on week nights.
a.must not to watch 　b.not watch
c.not be watching 　d.have not watched
15. -why didn\'t you go to the dance last night?
-if i______tired,i would have.
a.haven\'t 　b.hadn\'t 　c.haven\'t been 　d.hadn\'t been
16. if he______,he______that foo　d.
a.had been warned;would not have taken
b.was warned;would not take
c.would be warned;had taken
d.would have been warned;had not taken
17. ______for your knowledge of the language,i should have been completely lost.
a.hadn\'t it been 　b.if it were not
c.had it not been 　d.has it been not
18. if only you______the plan.
a.had carried out 　b.carry out 　c.carrying out 　d.carried out
19. ______your help,i would have passed the examination.
a.without 　b.with 　c.but for 　d.if i had
20. i\'d rather you______there yesterday.i\'d rather you______there tomorrow.
a.didn\'t go;went 　b.hadn\'t gone;should go
c.didn\'t go;should go 　d.hadn\'t gone;went
21. the woman treats the boy as if he______her son.
a.were 　b.are 　c.is 　d.was
22. when a pencil is partly in a glass of water,it looks as if(though)it______.
a.breaks 　b.were broken 　c.has broken 　d.has been broken
23. look at the clouds.it looks as if it______rain.
a.will 　b.would 　c.is going to 　d.were
24. i lost my way to your house,otherwise(or)i______you about it much earlier.
a.had told 　b.have told 　c.should tell 　d.would have told
25. the smile on his face suggested that he______.
a.had found 　b.should find 　c.had lost 　d.should have found
26. it is natural that he______change his min　d.
a.will 　b.should 　c.can 　d.ought to
27. what do you think of the proposal that we______a play at the english evening?
a.will put on 　b.must put on 　c.should put on 　d.can put on
28. it is about time you______the pills.
a.will take 　b.must take 　c.taken 　d.should take
29. it\'s high time we______.
a.started 　b.starting 　c.to start 　d.would start
30. i\'m sorry that he______in such poor health.
a.would be 　b.should be 　c.will be 　d.shall be
31. here\'s some money in case you______it.
a.needed 　b.needing 　c.should need 　d.to need
32. but for the storm,we______long go.
a.should have arrived 　b.will arrive 　c.arrive 　d.arrived
33. the old lady dresses as if it______winter even in summer.
a.will be 　b.would be 　c.is 　d.were
34. i will take a taxi;so that i______there in time.
a.got 　b.could get 　c.would get 　d.will get
35. i\'d rather you______anything about it for the time being.
a.do 　b.don\'t 　c.didn\'t do 　d.didn\'t
36. how nice it______if you______a bit longer.
a.would be;could stay 　b.will be;could stay
c.will be;can stay 　d.would be;can stay
37. he______you more help,but he has been so busy.
a.has given 　b.would give 　c.will give 　d.could have given
38. i could go myself but i would sooner you______.
a.go 　b.went 　c.had gone 　d.has gone
39. ______tomorrow,he would get home before wednesday.
a.would he leave 　b.was he leaving
c.if he leaves 　d.were he to leave
40. should it rain,the crops______.
a.would be saved 　b.would have been saved
c.will be saved 　d.had been saved

参考答案
1-10 dacdb acdba 11-20 cbcad bcadb
21-30 cadbc abdca 31-40 cadbc adbda