思维模式是直线的、直接的，其特征可以归纳为三个步骤，即：（1）say what you’re going to say. （2）say it. （3）then say what you’ve said.（参考胡敏主编《新编toefl作文》，世界图书出版公司，第7页） 所以所谓的伞形结构就是段落一开始有一句主题句（topic sentence，也就是伞尖）总领整段；下面依次展开（伞骨）；最后有一句话收尾（伞柄），请看以下一段文字：

　　first of all, some minor disadvantages to living with an american family include both a lack of privacy and little opportunity to be independent. （第一句话，主题句，提示以下要讨论的两个问题）for instance, the foreign student may find that the family expects him to join them in group activities such as watching television and going on picnics. at times, however, he might enjoy staying in his room to read or to write letters to his family or friends. another drawback to living in an american home involves the possibility that the family may treat the student like a child. for example, the parents may want to decide who his friends will be and where he will go during his leisure time away from home. （以下具体展开讨论两个“缺点”，因为展开比较充分，没有结束句也不是一个大问题）

　　写好托福作文的最后

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